Sab saum toj 10 NAD + Cov Chaw Tsim Khoom Hauv Ntiaj Teb

Taw qhia rau NAD +

Nicotinamide Adenine Tinucleotide (NAD +) yog coenzyme central rau cov metabolism hauv lub cev. Pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ciaj sia, NAD + yog hu ua ib qho dinucleotide vim tias nws muaj ob lub nucleotides koom nrog pab pawg phosphate. Ib lub nucleotide muaj cov adeny round thiab lwm yam nicotinamide. NAD + plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam txheej txheem roj ntsha, suav nrog cov metabolism hauv lub zog, DNA kho kom zoo, thiab kos duab cell. Thaum peb muaj hnub nyoog, cov qib NAD - nyob rau hauv peb lub cev poob, uas tau txuas rau ntau yam kab mob xws li cov kab mob neurodegener, thiab cov teeb meem plawv. Qhov no tau coj mus rau qhov kev txaus siab loj hlob hauv NAD + cov tshuaj ntxiv, thiab raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau tus naj npawb tau tshwm sim hauv kev ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.

Sab saum toj 10 NAD + tuam ntxhab

1. HOOGI BOSETECH Siv Tshuaj Co., Ltd.

Hubei Bosetech Tshuaj Co., Ltd. yog lub ntsej muag zoo-}} tsim cov tuam txhab nyob hauv thaj teb biochemicals. Nws tau cog lus rau kev tshawb fawb, kev loj hlob, kev tsim khoom, thiab muag ntawm high- zoo biochemical khoom. Lub tuam txhab muaj cov kws tshaj lij R & D thiab qib siab ntau lawm, uas ua rau tsim NAD + khoom siv tau zoo thiab ruaj khov.

Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig:

• High - Cov Khoom Siv Zoo Ntau Lawm: Hubei Bosetech Tshuaj Co., Ltd. cov lus qhia kom nruj cov qauv tswj hwm nruj thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Los ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw rau cov khoom ntim khoom kawg, txhua kauj ruam yog ua tib zoo saib xyuas kom meej meej cov khoom lag luam nad + khoom.
• Cov Kev Pabcuam Customized: Lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem muab cov khoom lag luam NAD + cov khoom lag luam raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Txawm hais tias nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom lossis cov ntim yuav tsum tau ua, lawv tuaj yeem ntsib cov neeg xav tau sib txawv.
• Kev txawj ntse: Nrog ib pab neeg ntawm cov kws paub thiab cov kws tshaj lij, lub tuam txhab tau tshawb xyuas cov thev naus laus zis tshiab ntau lawm thiab txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm nws cov khoom. Lawv tseem nquag koom tes nrog kev tshawb fawb txog NAD + kom nyob ntawm qhov ua ntej ntawm kev lag luam.
• Lub ntsiab: Yog xav paub ntxiv txog lub tuam txhab thiab cov khoom lag luam, koj tuaj yeem mus xyuas lawv lub vev xaib official:https: //www.bosetech - bio.com/.

2. ChromAx

ChromadaX yog ib qho kev coj ua thoob ntiaj teb txiv ntoo thiab cov tuam txhab khoom lag luam. Nws yog zoo -}}}}}}} paub txog nws cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob hauv thaj teb ntawm NAD + precursors. Lub tuam txhab muaj ntev - sawv lub koob npe rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho tshiab.Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig:

• Kev Tshawb Fawb: ChromadaX nqis peev ntau rau hauv kev tshawb fawb. They have conducted numerous pre - clinical and clinical studies on their NAD+ - related products. Piv txwv li, lawv cov khoom siv tsiaj txaij (nicotinamide romoside chloride, xws li mitochondrial muaj nuj nqi thiab cellular zog ntau lawm.
• Kev Muaj Peev Xwm Zoo: Lub tuam txhab ua raws nruj zoo tswj kev tswj los ntawm cov khoom siv raw los ua tiav cov khoom lag luam. They use state - of - the - art manufacturing facilities that comply with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Qhov no ua kom ntseeg tau tias lawv cov khoom yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab huv si.
• Khoom Portfolio: ChromadaX muaj ntau ntawm nad + -}} cov khoom lag luam uas muaj txiaj ntsig, suav nrog cov zaub mov noj kom zoo thiab ua haujlwm. Lawv cov khoom raug muag hauv ntau lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb, ua rau lawv nkag mus tau rau lub hauv paus loj.
• Tus tau txais: Nrog nws cov kev tshawb fawb muaj zog rov qab thiab siab - cov khoom lag luam zoo, ChromadaX tau txais cov kev lag luam tseem ceeb. Cov neeg siv khoom ntseeg lawv cov khoom rau lawv cov hauj lwm zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb.

3. Elysium kev noj qab haus huv

Elysium kev noj qab haus huv yog tus neeg tau txais kev pab -} Cov tuam txhab kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev nyab xeeb uas tsom rau kev tsim cov pov thawj-} raws cov khoom. Lawv cov khoom lag luam uas lawv cov yeeb yaj kiab, hauv paus, yog kev tsim los txhawb kev laus laus los ntawm kev sib tw NAD + qib.Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig:

• Consumer - centric mus kom ze: Elysium kev noj qab haus huv nkag siab txog cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab lub hom phiaj kom muab yooj yim {} -}} siv thiab cov khoom siv tau zoo. Lawv cov khoom yog tsim nrog siab {{} Cov khoom xyaw zoo thiab tau nthuav tawm cov qauv yooj yim, xws li cov tsiav tshuaj.
• Cov chaw kuaj mob siv tau: Lub tuam txhab coj cov chaw kuaj mob sim ua kom tau txais kev ua tau zoo ntawm nws cov khoom. Rau hauv paus, lawv tau nqa cov kev tshawb fawb tawm los qhia tias nws tuaj yeem nce NAD + qib hauv lub cev. Cov cuab yeej siv tau muab cov kev ntseeg siab rau cov khoom lag luam muaj peev xwm xa ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig tau cog lus.
• Kev Koom Tes: Elysium kev noj qab haus huv tau tsim kev koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab kev kawm thiab cov koom haum tshawb fawb. Cov kev sib koom tes no tso cai rau lawv nkag mus rau kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb tshiab thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm kev txiav cov phiaj xwm nad + thiab kev laus laus.
• Kev Kawm Txuj Ci: Lawv tseem nquag koom tes nrog kev pab qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm NAD + thiab nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev noj qab haus huv. Los ntawm lawv lub vev xaib, kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv, lawv muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig los pab cov neeg tau txais kev txiav txim siab txog lawv txoj kev noj qab haus huv.

4. Genexus Biotechnology

Genexus Biotechnology yog ib lub tuam txhab biotechnology yog cov tuam txhab biotechnology uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov nad + thiab cov khoom lag luam muaj feem xyuam. Nws muaj kev tsom mus siv cov txheej txheem biotechnological rau ntau lawm.Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig:

• Biotechnological innovation: Genexus Biotechnology siv cov txheej txheem siab heev thiab cov txheej txheem ua kom zoo dua muab cov txiaj ntsig biotechniving, xws li muaj kev coj dawb huv, thiab ib puag ncig ua phooj ywg. Piv rau cov tshuaj lom neeg tshuaj synthesis, kev tsim khoom biotechnological tuaj yeem txo cov tshuaj muaj kuab lom thiab siv hluav taws xob.
• Khoom Siv Purity: Lub tuam txhab ua cov txheej txheem ua kom nruj ua raws li qhov lawv muaj NAD + cov khoom muaj qib siab ntawm kev coj dawb huv. Siab - purity ad + yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev siv hluav taws xob thiab kev tsim tawm ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb lub chaw soj ntsuam thiab hauv kev tshawb fawb siab {}}} nutraceuticals.
• Kev loj: Genexus biotechnology muaj peev xwm ntsuas ntau ntau yam raws li kev xav tau lag luam. Lawv cov chaw tsim khoom yog tsim kom yoog tau, tso cai rau lawv nce lossis txo qis ntau ntau yam uas xav tau. Qhov no ua kom pom tseeb cov khoom siv tau ntawm NAD + cov khoom lag luam hauv khw.
• Kev Tsim Kho Kev Lag Luam: Nrog rau xyoo ntawm kev paub hauv kev lag luam Biotechnology, lub tuam txhab muaj kev nkag siab tob txog cov txheej txheem ntau lawm thiab kev ua lag luam Dynamics. Lawv tuaj yeem hloov kho kom haum rau kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua lag luam thiab txhim kho cov khoom lag luam tshiab kom ua tau raws li kev xav tau tshiab.

5. Kev Ua Si Bioscience

BiCris Bioscience yog lub zoo -} saib xyuas cov chaw tshawb fawb ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshuaj thiab biochemicals. Nws muaj ntau yam ntawm nad + - cov khoom lag luam uas muaj siv rau kev tshawb fawb.Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig:

• Khoom Ntau Yam: BiCRIS Bioscience muab ntau cov khoom nad + ntau yam, suav nrog cov ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm NAD + (xws li cov qauv ntawm NAD + (xws li cov ntawv sib txawv), NAD + precursors, thiab analogs. Qhov khoom lag luam dav no tso tawm cov kws tshawb nrhiav kom xaiv cov khoom lag luam uas tsim nyog rau lawv cov kev tshawb fawb xav tau tshwj xeeb.
• Zoo rau kev tshawb nrhiav: Lub tuam txhab cov khoom lag luam yog cov khoom lag luam zoo thiab tsim nyog rau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb, xws li cov kab lis kev cai ntawm tes, enzyme cia, thiab kev tshawb fawb tsiaj. Lawv cov khoom lag luam tsis tshua muaj kev ntsuas kom ua kom muaj xwm txheej thiab kev ntseeg tau, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim.
• Kev Txhawb Nqa: BiCRIS Bioscience muaj cov kev pab txhawb cov kws tshawb nrhiav. Lawv pab neeg ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem muab tswv yim txog kev xaiv cov khoom lag luam, kev tsim qauv kev sim, thiab kev daws teeb meem. Qhov kev txhawb nqa no pab cov kws tshawb nrhiav nqa lawv cov kev sim ua tau zoo dua thiab muaj txiaj ntsig.
• Kev faib tawm thoob ntiaj teb: Nrog rau lub network faib ua haujlwm, Tiscris Bioscience tuaj yeem xa cov khoom xa tuaj thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov no ua kom pom tseeb tias cov kws tshawb nrhiav tuaj yeem tau cov khoom tsim nyog ua kom raws sijhawm rau lawv cov phiaj xwm kev tshawb fawb.

6. Cayman Tshuaj

Cayman Tshuaj yog ib qho chaw tsim tshuaj paus thiab cov khoom siv ntawm biochemicals thiab tshawb xyuas cov cuab yeej. Nws muaj qhov muaj zog nyob hauv thaj teb NAD + kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim khoom.Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig:

• Kev Tshawb Nrhiav -} tsav: Cayman Tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev tshawb fawb ntsig txog NAD + thiab lwm yam biochemicals. Lawv tsim cov khoom lag luam tshiab raws li kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tshiab. Piv txwv li, lawv tau tsim tshiab nad + -}} Cov sib txuas lus muaj feem cuam tshuam uas tuaj yeem siv los kawm txog kev muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab kev siv tshuab.
• Khoom Zoo: Lub tuam txhab cov khoom lag luam yog paub rau lawv qhov zoo thiab huv si. Lawv siv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom siab thiab kev tswj hwm zoo kom ntseeg tau tias lawv cov khoom lag luam nad raws cov qauv nruj. Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev tshawb fawb cov ntawv thov uas impurities yuav muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev sim ua.
• Txuj Ci Kev Cai: Cayman Tshuaj Muaj Cov Khoom Siv Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob rau Nad + -}} cov sib txuas lus sib txuas. Yog tias cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau cov qauv lossis cov khoom ntawm ib qho compound, lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem suav nrog lawv cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb. Qhov kev pab cuam no muab cov kws tshawb fawb nrog kev yooj yim dua hauv lawv kev tshawb fawb.
• Kev Kawm Txuj Ci: Ntxiv rau muab cov khoom lag luam, Cayman Tshuaj kuj muaj cov peev txheej kev kawm xws li cov ntawv qhia txuj ci, phau ntawv tshawb fawb. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav pab cov kws tshawb nrhiav kom nkag siab zoo dua cov khoom thiab lawv cov kev siv, thiab tseem yuav kho raws li kev tshawb fawb tshiab hauv thaj teb ntawm Nad +.

7. Sigma -} rdrich (tam sim no ib feem ntawm Merck Kgaa)

Sigma -} ecdrich yog ib qho zoo - paub hom tshuaj thiab kev lag luam biochemical. Nws muaj ntau yam ntawm nad + khoom rau ob qho kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv cov ntawv thov.Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig:

• Cov Khoom Muag Khoom Tshaj Tawm: Sigma -}} ecdrich muaj cov khoom lag luam dav dav uas suav nrog ntau hom NAD + thiab cov khoom sib xyaw. Txawm hais tias nws yog rau kev tshawb fawb yooj yim hauv tsev kawm qib siab lossis rau loj- Ntxaij muaj ntau lawm, lawv tuaj yeem muab cov khoom tsim nyog.
• Ntiaj teb lub koob npe: Lub hom muaj ntev -}}}} sawv thoob ntiaj teb lub suab nrov hauv ntiaj teb kom zoo thiab muaj kev ntseeg tau. Lawv cov khoom tau siv dav hauv cov chaw tshawb nrhiav, cov tuam txhab tshuaj, thiab lwm yam kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Lub koob npe nrov no yog ua raws lawv cov kev xa khoom raws li kev ua siab zoo ntawm- cov khoom lag luam zoo thiab cov kev pabcuam zoo rau cov neeg siv khoom.
• Kev txawj ntse: Nrog pab pawg neeg muaj txuj ci siab, Sigma -} ALDRICH tuaj yeem muab hauv- qhov tob tob Technology. Lawv tuaj yeem pab cov neeg siv khoom xaiv cov khoom lag luam zoo, daws teeb meem, thiab muab cov lus qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem sim.
• COV mov saw ruaj ruaj: Ua ib feem ntawm Merck Kgaa, Sigma -} ecrich muaj cov saw ruaj khov. Qhov no ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov neeg muas zaub tuaj yeem tau lawv nad + cov khoom lag luam nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm, txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm xav tau siab.

8. Enzo Lub Neej Kev Tshawb Fawb

Enzo lub neej sciences yog tus thawj coj ntawm kev tshawb fawb lub neej science tshawb fawb thiab cov kev pabcuam. Nws muaj ntau yam ntawm nad + -} cov khoom lag luam uas muaj xws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj pleev rau ntes Nad + qib.Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig:

• Cov Khoom Siv Tshwj Xeeb: Enzo Lub Neej Sciences tau tsim cov khoom siv rhiab heev thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab tshwj xeeb rau ntsuas Nad + theem hauv cov qauv naological. Cov khoom siv no tau dav siv hauv kev tshawb fawb lub chaw soj ntsuam xyuas lub luag haujlwm los kawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm NAD - hauv ntau cov txheej txheem roj lom. Cov khoom siv tau yooj yim siv thiab muab cov txiaj ntsig raug.
• Tshuaj tiv thaiv tshuab: Lub tuam txhab kuj muaj ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tawm tsam nad + -} cov protein muaj cov protein. Cov kev tawm tsam no tuaj yeem siv nyob rau hauv immunohistochemistry, thiab lwm hom kev kawm los kawm txog cov khoom hauv cov nqaij hauv cov hlwb thiab cov ntaub so ntswg.
• Cov khoom lag luam muaj tswv yim: Enzo lub neej Sciences yog tas li tshiab tau thiab tsim cov khoom lag luam tshiab. Lawv ib txwm nrhiav txoj hauv kev los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lawv cov tshuaj pleev thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab kom nthuav lawv cov khoom lag luam kom tau raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm zej zog.
• Cov Kev Pabcuam Cov Neeg Siv Khoom: Lub tuam txhab muab kev pabcuam rau cov neeg siv khoom zoo heev. Lawv pawg neeg txhawb nqa muaj los teb cov lus nug cov neeg siv khoom thiab muab kev pab nrog cov khoom lag luam. Lawv tseem muab kev cob qhia thiab kev kawm cov peev txheej los pab cov neeg siv khoom tau txais kev tshaj tawm ntawm lawv cov khoom lag luam.

9. Abcam

Abcam yog lub neej thoob ntiaj teb Nws tseem muaj cov khoom lag luam ntsig txog NAD + kev tshawb fawb.Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig:

• Tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm zoo: ABCA cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab tau pom zoo hauv cov kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog rau lawv qhov tshwj xeeb thiab rhiab. Lawv muaj cov tshuaj sau loj tawm tsam nad + -} cov protein ntsig txog, xws li cov tshuaj protein, uas tuaj yeem siv rau cov protein ntau, kom muaj txiaj ntsig, thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm.
• Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob: Lub tuam txhab muaj cov txheej txheem tsim nyog siv tau. Tag nrho cov tshuaj antibodies thiab lwm yam khoom tau sim nyob rau hauv ntau daim ntawv thov thiab nyob rau hauv cov kev sim sib txawv los xyuas kom lawv ntseeg tau. Qhov no muab cov kws tshawb nrhiav kev ntseeg siab siv lawv cov khoom rau lawv cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb.
• Cov Cuab Yeej Tshawb Fawb thiab Cov Khoom Siv: Ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, abcam tseem muaj lwm cov khoom siv tshawb fawb thiab cov khoom siv ntawm Elisa thiab cov kev kawm ntsig txog kev kawm. Lawv kuj muab cov peev txheej kev kawm, suav nrog cov vev xaib thiab cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm, los pab cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau nkag siab zoo dua lawv cov khoom thiab siv lawv kom tau zoo.
• Ntiaj teb no ncav: Nrog rau lub ntiaj teb muab faib ua ke network, Abcam tuaj yeem xa cov khoom sai sai sai sai sai rau nws cov khoom xa mus tshawb nrhiav thoob ntiaj teb. Lawv pawg neeg siv khoom lag luam muaj nyob hauv ntau lub teb chaws, muab kev txhawb nqa hauv ib cheeb tsam rau cov neeg siv khoom hauv thaj chaw sib txawv.

10. Kev muag tshuaj

Seeck Tshuaj yog ib qho khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv me me tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab lwm yam tshuaj tshawb fawb. Nws muaj ntau yam ntawm nad + -} cov sib txuas lus ntsig txog kev siv hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev muaj roj ntsha.Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txiaj ntsig:

• Me Molecule Kev Tshaj Tawm: Seekeck tshuaj tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv synthesis thiab muab cov tshuaj txhuam me me. Lawv nad + -} muaj me me molecule inibitors tuaj yeem siv los kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes thiab txoj kev koom nrog hauv NAD + metabolism. Cov kws tshaj lij no tuaj yeem pab cov kws tshawb nrhiav kom nkag siab lub luag haujlwm ntawm NAD + nyob rau hauv ntau hom kev ua haujlwm thiab los txheeb xyuas cov hom phiaj kho tau.
• Khoom Siv Tshuaj Purity Thiab Zoo: Lub tuam txhab tau cog lus los muab cov khoom siab siab- purity cov khoom. Lawv txoj kev tswj nruj ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov molecule me me uas lawv muab yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb tau tshwm sim, raws li impurities nyob rau hauv me me molecule inibitors tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm roj ntsha tau kawm.
• Txuj Ci Kev Cai: Zoo ib yam li lwm cov tuam txhab ntawm cov npe no, Seepij tshuaj muaj cov kev pabcuam synthesis kev cai. Yog tias cov kws tshawb nrhiav xav tau ib qho tshwj xeeb nad + -}}}}}}}}}} me me molecule compound uas tsis nyob hauv lawv cov catalog, lawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog lub tuam txhab los ua ke nws.
• Tus me nyuam sai: Seekeck tshuaj muaj cov saw siv tau zoo thiab tuaj yeem xa cov khoom sai. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb uas xav tau pib lawv cov kev sim kom sai li sai tau.

Tag

Kev ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb rau NAD + cov khoom lag luam yog loj hlob sai, tsav los ntawm kev nce ntxiv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm NAD + hauv kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev laus. Sab saum toj 10 cov tuam ntxhab sau npe saum toj no ua si hauv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua lag luam no. Txhua lub tuam txhab muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab cov txiaj ntsig, txawm tias nws yog cov khoom tshawb fawb, khoom lag luam zoo, lossis kev pabcuam cov neeg siv khoom. Hubei Bosetech Tshuaj Co., Ltd. Siab Zoo Ntau Lawm thiab Elysium Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Customium Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Cov Neeg Siv Khoom Zoo- centric mus kom ze. Lwm tus, xws li TayCris Bioscience thiab Cayman Tshuaj, tsom rau muab cov khoom lag luam siab rau cov ntawv thov kev tshawb fawb. Raws li qhov kev thov rau NAD + cov khoom lag luam tseem nce, cov chaw tsim khoom no yuav muaj txuas ntxiv ua kom tau cov khoom lag luam thiab cov neeg tshawb fawb ib yam nkaus.